Title
TOI-1235 b: A Keystone Super-Earth For Testing Radius Valley Emergence Models Around Early M Dwarfs
Document Type
Article
Publication Date
7-1-2020
Published In
The Astronomical Journal
Abstract
Small planets on close-in orbits tend to exhibit envelope mass fractions of either effectively zero or up to a few percent depending on their size and orbital period. Models of thermally driven atmospheric mass loss and of terrestrial planet formation in a gas-poor environment make distinct predictions regarding the location of this rocky/nonrocky transition in period–radius space. Here we present the confirmation of TOI-1235 b (P = 3.44 days, ${r}_{{\rm{p}}}={1.738}_{-0.076}^{+0.087}$ ${R}_{\oplus }$), a planet whose size and period are intermediate between the competing model predictions, thus making the system an important test case for emergence models of the rocky/nonrocky transition around early M dwarfs (R s = 0.630 ± 0.015 ${R}_{\odot }$, M s = 0.640 ± 0.016 ${M}_{\odot }$). We confirm the TESS planet discovery using reconnaissance spectroscopy, ground-based photometry, high-resolution imaging, and a set of 38 precise radial velocities (RVs) from HARPS-N and HIRES. We measure a planet mass of ${6.91}_{-0.85}^{+0.75}$ ${M}_{\oplus }$, which implies an iron core mass fraction of ${20}_{-12}^{+15}$% in the absence of a gaseous envelope. The bulk composition of TOI-1235 b is therefore consistent with being Earth-like, and we constrain an H/He envelope mass fraction to be <0.5% at 90% confidence. Our results are consistent with model predictions from thermally driven atmospheric mass loss but not with gas-poor formation, suggesting that the former class of processes remains efficient at sculpting close-in planets around early M dwarfs. Our RV analysis also reveals a strong periodicity close to the first harmonic of the photometrically determined stellar rotation period that we treat as stellar activity, despite other lines of evidence favoring a planetary origin ($P={21.8}_{-0.8}^{+0.9}$ days, ${m}_{{\rm{p}}}\sin i={13.0}_{-5.3}^{+3.8}$ ${M}_{\oplus }$) that cannot be firmly ruled out by our data.
Keywords
Radial velocity, M dwarf stars, Transit photometry, Exoplanet formation, Exoplanet structure
Recommended Citation
R. Cloutier, J. E. Rodriguez, J. Irwin, D. Charbonneau, K. G. Stassun, A. Mortier, D. W. Latham, H. Isaacson, A. W. Howard, S. Udry, T. G. Wilson, C. A. Watson, M. Pinamonti, F. Lienhard, P. Giacobbe, P. Guerra, K. A. Collins, A. Bieryla, G. A. Esquerdo, E. Matthews, R. A. Matson, S. B. Howell, E. Furlan, I. J. M. Crossfield, J. G. Winters, C. Nava, K. Ment, E. D. Lopez, G. Ricker, R. Vanderspek, S. Seager, J. M. Jenkins, E. B. Ting, P. Tenenbaum, A. Sozzetti, L. Sha, D. Ségransan, J. E. Schlieder, D. Sasselov, A. Roy, P. Robertson, K. Rice, E. Poretti, G. Piotto, D. Phillips, J. Pepper, F. Pepe, E. Molinari, T. Mocnik, G. Micela, M. Mayor, A. F. Martinez Fiorenzano, F. Mallia, J. Lubin, C. Lovis, M. López-Morales, M. R. Kosiarek, J. F. Kielkopf, S. R. Kane, Eric L.N. Jensen, G. Isopi, D. Huber, M. L. Hill, A. Harutyunyan, E. Gonzales, S. Giacalone, A. Ghedina, A. Ercolino, X. Dumusque, C. D. Dressing, M. Damasso, P. A. Dalba, R. Cosentino, D. M. Conti, K. D. Colón, K. I. Collins, A. Collier Cameron, D. Ciardi, J. Christiansen, A. Chontos, M. Cecconi, D. A. Caldwell, C. Burke, L. Buchhave, C. Beichman, A. Behmard, C. Beard, and J. M. Akana Murphy.
(2020).
"TOI-1235 b: A Keystone Super-Earth For Testing Radius Valley Emergence Models Around Early M Dwarfs".
The Astronomical Journal.
Volume 160,
Issue 1.
DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/ab9534
https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-physics/403
Comments
This work is freely available courtesy of IOP Publishing and the American Astronomical Society.