A G4 Approach To Computing The Hammett Substituent Constants σₚ, σₘ, σ⁻, σ⁺, And σ⁺ₘ

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

2-1-2023

Published In

Journal Of Physical Organic Chemistry

Abstract

By performing appropriate empirical scaling of G4 energy differences, it is possible to calculate Hammett substituent constants σₚ, σₘ, σ⁻, σ⁺, and σ⁺ₘ with a typical accuracy (mean absolute error) of ±0.1. The procedure is straightforward and easily carried out by non-experts using the Gaussian software package. Values are provided for 41 substituents of widely varying electronic character, including some reactive species for which experimental values are unavailable. Additionally, comparison of calculated and experimental values suggests that some previously published numbers might be significantly in error, particularly for some ionic, acidic, and/or basic substituents. Values are also provided for a newly defined substituent constant, σ⁻ₘ.

Keywords

benzoic acids, cumyl cations, G4, Hammett, Hammett constant, LFER, phenols, sigma, substituent constant

Creative Commons License

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License

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